MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... [WIND BLOWING] [BIRD SQUAWKS] [THUNDER] [CAR ALARM BLARING] WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE, PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

[CAR HORNS BEEPING] [BANJO TWANG] [UPBEAT OLD-TIME FIDDLE MUSIC] ♪ HEY, WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

SO GLAD YOU COULD BE WITH ME AGAIN TODAY.

YOU KNOW, THERE ARE TALES TOLD IN THE WOODWORKING SHOPS OF THIS NECK OF THE WOODS OF A PLANE, A PLANE SO HUGE, SO BIG THAT TO USE IT IS TO TAKE WORKMEN TO LEVELS OF ECSTASY MOST MEN CAN ONLY DREAM OF.

BUT IT'S NOT THIS ONE, NO.

IT IS NOT THIS BRONTOSAURUS OF PLANES, NO.

IT IS INSTEAD THE T. REX OF PLANES.

YES, HERE IT IS, THE BEHEMOTH, THE DEATH STAR OF PLANES, ONE PLANE TO RULE THEM ALL!

YES, IT IS THE STANLEY 55...

AH...ALLEGED TO BE A PLANING MILL IN ITSELF.

THEY SAID THAT THIS PLANE COULD REPLACE AN ENTIRE CHEST OF TOOLS.

WE'RE GONNA SEE ABOUT THAT.

ALL RIGHT.

THEY SAY IT WILL, OF COURSE, DO THIS JOB RIGHT HERE, ITS OLD ANCESTOR, THE PLOW PLANE, THAT IT WILL CUT A GROOVE JUST AS WELL AS A PLOW.

IT WILL CUT A DADO ACROSS THE GRAIN AS WELL AS A DEDICATED DADO PLANE.

THAT IT WILL CUT A SHOULDER AS WELL AS A MOVING FILLISTER PLANE ACROSS THE GRAIN.

AND IT WILL CUT A RABBET DOWN THE GRAIN AS WELL AS A RABBET PLANE.

IT WILL ALSO DO-- GOOD GRIEF.

IT WILL ALSO DO TONGUE AND GROOVE LIKE THIS RIGHT HERE, CUT TONGUE AND GROOVE FOR MATCHBOARDING AS WELL AS A DEDICATED MATCH PLANE.

THAT YOU CAN DO BEADING, YES, BEADING, DOWN THE EDGE OF A BOARD, DECORATIVE BEADS, MOLDINGS LIKE THAT, MOLDINGS FOR MAKING WINDOWS, WORKING AS A SASH PLANE, DOING SASH MOLDINGS.

AND THAT IT WORKS AS A SLITTING PLANE, AND A SUPERIOR MOLDING PLANE.

NOW, MOLDING PLANES-- THIS IS THE CHALLENGE NOW.

IF IT CAN DO A MOLDING LIKE THIS ONE, LIKE THIS BEAUTIFUL WOODEN PLANE HAS DONE, CUT THIS MOLDING, THEN WE HAVE REALLY GOT SOMETHING.

BUT DO WE?

I DON'T KNOW.

WE'RE GONNA FIND OUT.

55.

THE STANLEY 55.

WELL, WHY?

IT CAME WITH 55 CUTTERS, FOR ONE.

HERE THEY ARE, ALL OF THEM ARRAYED IN THEIR BOXES, THESE 55 CUTTERS, ALL DIFFERENT TYPES, SOME THAT CAME WITH THE SMALLER PLANES, BUT THEN HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS AND SIDE BEADS, ALL DIFFERENT KINDS OF CUTTERS, 55 CUTTERS THAT WOULD REPLACE 55 PLANES.

HERE'S 55 PLANES RIGHT HERE, 55 MOLDING PLANES ALL TAKEN CARE OF BY THIS THING.

BUT WERE THEY?

ALL RIGHT.

WE'LL FIND OUT, AS WE SAY.

I HOPE WE'LL FIND OUT.

WE'LL PUT THIS BACK HERE FOR THE CHALLENGE, BECAUSE THERE'S ONE THING THAT MAKES THIS PLANE SPECIAL, THAT TRIES TO SOLVE A PROBLEM THAT THE MOLDING PLANE DOES.

WE'RE GONNA START BACK AT THE BEGINNING, AND WE'RE GONNA USE THESE PLANES HERE.

THESE ARE ALL STANLEY 45's.

THESE ARE OLD 45's, A LITTLE SIMPLER, SMALLER YOUNGER BROTHER OF THE 55.

THE 55 WAS...10 MORE.

BUT NEVERTHELESS, THIS HAS MOST OF THE ATTRIBUTES EXCEPT FOR THAT FINAL ONE THAT MAKES THE 55 REALLY TAKE A GO AT DOING ALL THE WORK OF THE OTHER PLANES.

SO WE'RE GONNA START WITH THIS ONE HERE.

WE'RE GONNA GET THE PLOW PLANE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO IS IT A PLOW PLANE?

WE'RE GONNA FIND OUT.

HERE'S A PLOW PLANE, A BEAUTIFUL WOODEN PLANE.

THIS IS ALWAYS THE CENTERPIECE OF EVERY WORKMAN'S TOOL CHEST THERE, THE PLOW PLANE FOR CUTTING GROOVES FOR MAKING DOORS AND PANELS AND SUCH.

SO CUTTING A GROOVE.

AND IT CAME WITH DIFFERENT CUTTERS.

SO THIS HAS BEEN AROUND HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF YEARS AND WAS PROBABLY THE... WELL, CERTAINLY THE ORIGIN OF THIS MULTI-PLANE OR UNIVERSAL PLANE, AS THEY WERE CALLED, COMBINATION PLANES.

INTERCHANGEABLE IRONS THAT YOU COULD TRADE IN AND OUT.

LET'S TRY IT ON THE EDGE OF THIS PIECE RIGHT HERE.

SO HERE WE GO.

WE HAVE A FENCE THAT ADJUSTS THE POSITION OF THE IRON IN AND OUT FROM THE EDGE OF THE WOOD HANDLED BY THESE SCREWS RIGHT HERE, THIS WONDERFUL SCREW AND NUT IN WOOD.

THE CUTTER WIDTH DETERMINES THE WIDTH OF THE GROOVE.

AND WE JUST WORK IT DOWN.

WE TAP IT TO ADJUST THE DEPTH OF THE CUT.

AND WHEN THE.., YOU KNOW, WHEN THE DEPTH STOP STOPS, WE ARE DONE, WE HAVE CUT OUR GROOVE USING THE PLOW PLANE.

SO LET'S SEE HOW WE CAN DO HERE-- I'VE GOT TO GET ANOTHER PIECE IN-- WITH THE UNIVERSAL PLANE.

THIS IS NOT UNIVERSAL.

THESE WERE CALLED COMBINATIONS.

THE 55 WAS THE UNIVERSAL.

ALL RIGHT.

SO HERE WE GO.

I'M GONNA ADJUST THE FENCE IN.

AND THIS IS WHERE THE PROBLEM COMES IN, IS WITH THIS FENCE.

I'LL SHOW YOU IN JUST A SECOND HERE.

SO AGAIN, WE'VE GOT AN IRON HELD BY A SKATE.

AND IT WILL CUT A GROOVE JUST AS NICE AS YOU WANT.

I MEAN, ESSENTIALLY IT'S A PLOW PLANE.

THERE IS THE CUTTER RIGHT THERE.

THERE'S THE DEPTH STOP, AND THERE'S THE SKATES, OR WHAT SHOULD WE CALL THEM?

RUNNERS ON THIS THING HERE.

AND THERE'S THE FENCE.

IT'S THE FENCE WHERE YOU GET PROBLEMS WITH THIS ONE.

ANY OF THESE IRON PLANES WITH THE RODS AND SET SCREW ARRANGEMENT-- WHAT HAPPENS, AS YOU WORK, IF YOU'RE NOT CAREFUL-- AND YOU KNOW, YOU CAN'T FAULT THE TOOL IF YOU'RE NOT CAREFUL- BUT NEVERTHELESS, IT'S NOT A SECURE GRIP.

IF YOU ROCK LIKE THAT, WHAT HAPPENS IS IT'S LEVERING THIS FARTHER OUT.

THIS IS SLIDING OUT RIGHT HERE.

RIGHT HERE IT'S SLIDING OUT.

AND SO NOW THE NEXT TIME YOU COME BACK, YOU'VE GOT A LOT MORE DISTANCE IN HERE, AND YOUR GROOVE IS OFFSET.

AND I'VE SEEN IT HAPPEN LOTS AND LOTS OF TIMES.

SO-- AND THAT'S JUST SOMETHING YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT.

SO, WELL, IT GROOVES.

ALL RIGHT.

IT GROOVES.

ALL RIGHT.

LET'S SEE WHAT ELSE WE'VE GOT HERE.

DADO.

DADO IS A GROOVE ACROSS THE GRAIN.

LET'S JUST USE THAT SAME PIECE OF WOOD.

HERE'S A DADO, AND THIS REQUIRES A LITTLE DIFFERENT BIT OF TECHNOLOGY WITH THE WOOD, BECAUSE THE GRAIN IS GOING AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE PROGRESS OF THE PLANE.

SO WHAT WE HAVE, OF COURSE, ARE NICKERS.

WE HAVE LITTLE SNICKING IRONS, LITTLE NICKING IRONS RIGHT THERE.

AND THEY CUT THE WOOD AHEAD OF THE CUTTER ITSELF RIGHT BACK HERE.

NOW, THIS ALSO HAS A SKEWED CUTTER WHICH THESE IRON COMBINATION PLANES DON'T HAVE.

BUT IT DOES HAVE THE NICKERS HERE ON EITHER SIDE, LITTLE NICKING IRONS, LITTLE SPURS, AND THEN THE SKEWED CUTTER.

LET'S SEE HOW IT WORKS.

ONE THING IS, OF COURSE, WE'VE GOT TO HAVE A FENCE.

NOW, YOU CAN'T FENCE... YOU KNOW, THAT'S A HUGE DISTANCE TO FENCE IN.

SO WITH, UH... DADO WORK-- SAY YOU'RE MAKING A BOOKCASE, AND YOU WANT TO HAVE THE SHELVES SET INTO GROOVES-- THAT'S A THING YOU'D DO VERY COMMONLY WITH DADOES-- YOU WILL TACK OR CLAMP A BATTEN ACROSS.

SEE, WE'VE GOT A BATTEN ACROSS THE GRAIN OF THE WOOD.

AND NOW I'M GONNA START BY PULLING BACK.

AND I'VE GOT A GROOVE ON THIS SIDE, SO I'LL PROBABLY BREAK INTO THAT.

PULL BACK, AND THOSE SPURS CUT THE GRAIN AHEAD OF THE CUTTER.

SO NOW IT'S SLICED ACROSS THE GRAIN.

ON EACH SUBSEQUENT STROKE, THE PLANE JUST CUTS DEEPER AND DEEPER WITH THE SPURS ALWAYS CUTTING AHEAD, NOW, ONCE YOU'VE GOT IT STARTED, YOU CAN SLIDE THE BATTEN OUT LIKE THAT AND THEN CONTINUE WORKING YOUR WAY DOWN.

SO YOU DON'T NEED THE BATTEN ANYMORE ONCE YOU GET IT GOING.

SO THAT WORKS RIGHT WELL.

ALL RIGHT.

HA HA HA!

THERE WE GO.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THAT'S THE DADO PLANE IN WOOD.

LET'S TRY THE DADO PLANE IN IRON NOW.

SO HERE WE'VE GOT A FENCE ON HERE ALREADY, BUT WE DON'T NEED IT.

WE'LL TAKE OFF THE FENCE.

WE'LL DISPENSE WITH THE FENCE AND SEE HOW THIS WORKS.

HERE WE HAVE, CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE PLANES, THE SPURS ARE SET INTO THE RUNNERS.

DO YOU SEE HOW WE HAVE THIS LITTLE 3-SPOKED THING RIGHT HERE?

WELL, THERE'S AN EMPTY SPACE RIGHT THERE, BECAUSE I'VE ROTATED THIS AROUND, UNDID THIS SCREW, TURNED IT AROUND SO THIS SPUR IS STICKING OUT ON THE BOTTOM.

THERE'S ANOTHER SPUR OVER HERE YOU CAN SEE.

SO A SPUR ON EITHER SIDE OF THE PLANE AHEAD OF THE CUTTER WHICH WILL FOLLOW BEHIND RIGHT HERE.

SO WE'VE GOT THE SPURS AND THE CUTTER, AND WE'VE TAKEN OFF THE DEPTH STOP ON THIS FACE AND ADDED IN-- OR BACKED IT OFF RATHER-- ADDED IN THE DEPTH STOP ON THIS ONE, A LITTLE TEMPORARY ONE THAT WE USE JUST FOR DADO WORK.

SO WE'RE UP AGAINST THE BATTEN, AND LOOK.

BAM.

THIS WING...HA HA.

THIS BIG OLD WING NUT HAS HIT THE SIDE.

THERE'S JUST A LOT OF STUFF HAPPENING ON THE SIDE OF THIS COMBINATION PLANE.

SO WE'LL SEE HOW IT WORKS NEVERTHELESS.

ALL RIGHT.

A LITTLE BIT OFF.

I'LL PULL BACK, AND THE SPURS ARE WORKING FINE.

AND WE SLICE DOWN.

AND IF YOUR CUTTER IS SHARP, EVEN IF IT'S NOT A SKEWED CUTTER, IT WORKS PRETTY WELL.

THAT DID A NICE DADO.

SO I THINK THE VERDICT IS THESE THINGS WILL CUT A DADO.

IF YOU'RE WILLING TO ADJUST THEM AND FIDDLE WITH THEM AND TUNE THEM UP, SURE, YOU'VE GOT IT.

ALL RIGHT.

BUT OF COURSE, IF YOU WANT TO GO BACK TO PLOWING, YOU'VE GOT TO RESET IT.

THAT'S THE DOWNSIDE.

SO YOU HAD JUST ONE TOOL, BUT I THINK THEIR THEORY WAS YOU JUST DIDN'T NEED THESE THINGS AS MUCH ANYMORE BECAUSE NOW YOU'RE WORKING, YOU KNOW, WITH A WHOLE LOT OF MACHINE-MADE MOLDINGS.

SO MAYBE THE CHALLENGE IS NOT SO GREAT.

ALL RIGHT.

WHAT HAVE WE GOT NOW?

AH, WE'VE GOT TO DO SOME END-GRAIN WORK.

AND AGAIN WE'RE GONNA NEED THAT, UH...CLAMP, BECAUSE I'M GONNA CLAMP THIS RIGHT HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO NOW WE'RE GONNA DO A... ANOTHER CROSS-GRAIN CUT.

THEN WE'LL GO BACK TO A LONG-GRAIN CUT.

THIS IS A CHALLENGE FOR ANY PLANE, GOING ACROSS THE GRAIN, THIS IS WHERE THE MOVING FILLISTER.

WE WANT TO CUT A RABBET, A SHOULDER ACROSS THE GRAIN NOW.

HERE WE'VE GOT A FENCE, A SKEWED IRON, THE NICKER OR THE SPUR, AND THE DEPTH STOP.

SO EVERYTHING'S HERE.

WE'RE GONNA SEE HOW THIS WORKS TO CUT A SHOULDER ACROSS THE GRAIN.

AND THERE'S THE SPUR HAS DONE THE FIRST CUT.

NOW WE'LL WORK OUR WAY DOWN... ACROSS THE GRAIN.

AND YOU SEE, THE SKEWED IRON MADE PRETTY SMOOTH WORK OF THAT END GRAIN THERE.

IT'S NOT PERFECT, BUT IT'S OK. ALL RIGHT.

I JUST DIDN'T HAVE IT QUITE AS SHARP.

AND TO BE AN EQUAL TEST, WE WANT THESE THINGS TO BE JUST AS SHARP ONE AS THE OTHER.

SO HERE WE ARE.

I'VE GOT THE SPUR DOWN ON THIS ONE.

AND JUST AN ADJUSTMENT ON THE FENCE, TO KEEP A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF THE IRON, THE CUTTER, EXPOSED.

NOW, NOTICE THAT I'VE TAKEN THE FENCE, AND NOW I'VE GOT THE RODS SET ON THE UPPER SET OF HOLES, THAT MOVES THIS DOWN, MOVES THE FENCE DOWN AND ALLOWS THE FENCE TO COVER HOWEVER MUCH OF A VERY BROAD IRON OR AS LITTLE OF THAT VERY BROAD IRON, THAT CUTTING IRON IN THERE, THAT YOU WANT.

HERE IT IS.

YOU CAN SEE I'VE EXPOSED JUST THAT MUCH.

SO THAT'LL WORK.

AND I'VE GOT A SPUR ON THE SIDE RIGHT HERE AND THE DEPTH STOP.

SO HOW DOES IT DO?

OOP.

PULL BACK TO LET THAT SPUR DO ITS WORK ON THE FIRST STROKE.

I DIDN'T DO THAT AND SPLINTERED OFF THE END.

AND FINE.

LOOK AT THAT.

IT GOES RIGHT ON DOWN.

HA HA HA.

SO, NEVERTHELESS, IT SEEMS TO BE HOLDING ITS OWN SO FAR, THESE IRON VERSIONS.

I'M USING, AGAIN, THESE 45's, TO SHOW HOW THE 55 IRONS WORK, BECAUSE THEY WERE THE SAME IN THE TWO OF THEM IN THESE SIMPLER ARRANGEMENTS.

SAME WITH IF WE WANTED TO DO A RABBET.

WELL, WE WANT A RABBET DOWN THE SHOULDER WITH THE IRON ONE.

HERE WE GO.

WE'LL JUST WORK OUR WAY DOWN.

SO A RABBET IS A SHOULDER ON THE... DOWN THE GRAIN RIGHT THERE.

ALL RIGHT?

AND WE HAVE, OF COURSE, THE REGULAR WOODEN RABBET RIGHT HERE WITH THE SKEWED IRON THAT PULLS IT IN, INTO THE WOOD, PULLS IT INTO THE CUT ALL THE TIME.

THE REAL ADVANTAGE WITH THESE WOODEN ONES IS THAT SKEWED IRON.

NOW, THEY MADE DEDICATED IRON PLANES WITH SKEWED IRONS, BUT THESE COMBINATION PLANES-- THAT WAS A LITTLE BIT TOO MUCH FOR THEM TO DEAL WITH.

I MUST SAY, THE BIG DIFFERENCE, THOUGH-- THIS HAS TAR ON IT FROM AN OLD WORKMAN.

IT'S INDIVIDUAL.

I'VE GOT TO SAY, ALL OF THESE HAPPY IRON PLANES ARE ALIKE, BUT EACH OF THESE WOODWORKING PLANES IS WOODEN IN ITS OWN WAY.

THERE IS A WARMTH TO THESE THAT JUST IS HARD TO PASS UP FOR ONE OF THESE, BUT IN A PINCH, THEY DO.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, LET'S KEEP MOVING ALONG.

NOW I WANT TO SHOW YOU-- THERE'S ANOTHER TYPE... OR MAKER RATHER OF THESE PLANES THAT CAME IN.

THERE WAS A NUMBER OF THEM ACTUALLY, A NUMBER OF PEOPLE MADE THESE.

YOU MAY RECOGNIZE THE MAKE HERE.

THIS IS A CRAFTSMAN.

THIS WAS SOLD BY SEARS.

AND THIS IS SET UP TO DO THIS JOB RIGHT HERE.

AGAIN, THESE ARE VERY SIMILAR CUTTERS AS THE 45 THAT I HAVE IN HERE, BUT AGAIN, IT WAS MADE BY ANOTHER MANUFACTURER AND WITH THE SAME IDEA BUT A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT.

SO HERE WE GO.

TONGUE AND GROOVE NOW.

NOW WE'RE STARTING TO DEAL WITH IRONS THAT HAVE PROFILES CUT OUT OF THEM.

THERE ARE SHAPES CUT INTO THE IRONS THAT ALLOW IT TO...

IN THIS CASE, LEAVE THE TONGUE.

DO YOU SEE HOW THERE'S A CUTTER RIGHT THERE WITH THE INSIDE MISSING RIGHT THERE?, LOOK AT THAT CUTTER.

SEE?

THERE'S A BIG GAP TOOTH IN IT.

NOW, WHAT WILL THAT CUTTER DO?

IT WILL LEAVE THE TONGUE.

SO WE'LL GIVE IT A TRY AND SEE HOW IT DOES.

AND DARNED IF IT DOESN'T WORK JUST FINE.

I'VE USED THE-- THERE YOU GO.

THERE'S A NICE TONGUE COMING DOWN THERE.

AH, GEE.

HERE'S THE ONE I DID IN THE WOOD.

IN FACT, LET'S JUST PUT THE WOODEN ONE RIGHT ON TOP AND SEE IF IT GOES ON DOWN WITH THE WOODEN ONE WORKING.

WELL, THEY'RE JUST ABOUT INTERCHANGEABLE.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

I DON'T KNOW, I GUESS IT'S JUST THE WARMTH, THE...

THE AFFECTION.

THERE'S A...

I'M WORRIED NOW, BECAUSE THE IRON PLANE SEEMS TO BE DOING PRETTY WELL, AND I'M SUCH A FAN OF THE WOODEN ONES.

MAYBE THE BEAD WILL HELP US, BUT I TELL YOU, IT MIGHT NOT.

ALL RIGHT.

WHAT'S A BEAD?

A BEAD IS THIS LITTLE ROUNDED PROFILE THAT WE CAN DO ON THE END OF THE BOARD LIKE THIS OR ON THE FACE OF THE BOARD, WE CAN DO IT ON BOTH THE FACE.

WE CAN DO IT IN THE MIDDLE.

NEVERTHELESS, IT'S DONER WITH A BEADING PLANE PROPERLY, ISN'T IT?

AND HERE YOU CAN SEE THE BOXWOOD INSET RIGHT THERE.

BOXWOOD THAT REINFORCES THE PROFILE OF THE WOODEN PLANE.

JUST A BEAUTIFUL, ELEGANT TOOL.

AND I THINK MAYBE THAT'S WHAT THESE THINGS IS.

THESE ARE...THESE ARE THE LIGHT SABERS OF WOODWORKIN.

LOOK AT THAT.

THAT'S THE LIGHT SABER.

IF WE GO AND TAKE THE OTHER TOOL, YEAH, IT WORKS, BUT IT'S LIKE A... AH, OK.

IT'S CUTTING A BEAD.

WHAT CAN YOU SAY?

BUT STILL, THE WHOLE THING, IT'S LIKE A STORM TROOPER'S BLASTER.

WHAT IS IT, YOU KNOW?

IT'S JUST... NOT THE ELEGANT WEAPON FROM A MORE CIVILIZED TIME THAT THE WOODEN PLANES ARE, BUT NEVERTHELESS, THE BEAD IS THERE, AND IN FACT, WITH THIS LONG FENCE, THIS CAN FENCE 5, 6 INCHES INTO THE MIDDLE OF A BOARD AND CUT THE BEAD IN THE MIDDLE OF A BOARD.

IN FACT, YOU CAN TURN THIS AROUND AND CUT 8 INCHES INTO THE BOARD.

SO YOU KNOW, IT JUST HAS LOTS OF THINGS GOING FOR IT, EXCEPT FOR SOUL, EXCEPT FOR SOUL.

ALL RIGHT.

WHAT HAVE WE GOT NOW?

WE'VE GOT DOWN TO THE COMPETITION HERE.

AH, WE'RE GONNA DO WINDOWS.

NOW, WINDOW SASH...

THIS WAS THE HIGH APOGEE OF ARTISANSHIP IN A JOINER'S SHOP.

SOMEBODY WHO COULD DO WINDOWS HAD SPECIALIZED PLANES.

THAT WAS A REAL WORKMAN.

A LOT OF INVESTMENT IN THESE PLANES.

HERE'S ONE.

THIS IS CALLED A STICK AND RABBET PLANE, IT'S ACTUALLY A PRETTY MODERN DEVICE.

LET'S TRY IT HERE ON THIS BIT OF STOCK.

AND IT'S ACTUALLY TWO PLANES, JOINED TOGETHER WITH WOODEN SCREWS, YOU CAN SEE THERE'S TWO IRONS, TWO PLANES, ONE THAT CUTS THE OVOLO PROFILE AND ONE THAT CUTS WHAT'S CALLED THE GLAZING RABBET, WHERE THE GLASS GOES RIGHT THERE.

AND AGAIN, YOU SEE BOXWOOD INSETTING INTO THE BEECH BODY, THE WONDERFUL WOODEN SCREWS.

HERE'S OUR BLANK.

LET'S SEE HOW IT CUTS.

A LITTLE FENCE RIGHT THERE.

AND THIS WAS ADJUSTABLE.

YOU COULD SHIM BETWEEN THE TWO PLANES AND EXTEND THE FILLET BETWEEN THE OVOLO, AS IT'S CALLED, ON THIS SIDE HERE, THE OVOLO, AND THE GLAZING RABBET ON THE BACK WHERE THE GLASS WENT.

YOU COULD EXTEND THAT BY PUTTING SHIMS BETWEEN THE TWO PLANES AND SEPARATE THEM.

YOU COULD SHARPEN THEM SEPARATELY.

AND IT DID IT JUST GREAT.

ALL RIGHT, NOW, LET'S SEE HOW... HOW THE BEHEMOTH DOES.

OR ACTUALLY, EVEN THE 45's CAME WITH THE IRONS THAT YOU COULD USE FOR...

HERE WE GO.

CUTTING MOLDING, SASH PROFILES.

AND HERE IT IS.

AND AGAIN, I'VE GOT ONE OF THE COMPETITOR-- NOT COMPETITORS REALLY, BUT JUST ONE OF THE OTHER MAKES HERE.

THIS IS A CRAFTSMAN AGAIN, SET UP WITH THE PROFILE OF A SASH IRON RIGHT THERE.

THE LITTLE DEPTH STOP DOWN INSIDE THERE.

YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS CUTS THE SHOULDER AND THE RABBET THERE.

AND IN THIS ONE, YOU CAN WORK RIGHT UP TO THE EDGE AND...HA HA HA!, GO RIGHT ON DOWN.

NOW IT'S CHOKING.

ALL RIGHT.

NOW, THESE WILL CHOKE.

THEY DON'T TEND TO CLEAR THE CHIPS, BUT THEY'RE EASIER TO GET UNSTUCK THAN THE OTHER PLANES.

SO I DIDN'T CLEAR THE CHIPS OUT.

SO I SHOULD BE POKING THESE CHIPS AWAY BEFORE THEY JAM UP.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THERE'S A MOLDING COMING DOWN.

AND THIS IS A RATHER FLAT MOLDING.

BUT THIS IS NOT WHERE THE REAL TEST CAME IN.

NOW, THAT'S OK. AND WE COULD DO THIS FROM BOTH SIDES, SLIT IT APART, AND WE'VE GOT A DECENT PROFILE THERE OF A SASH MOLDING.

YOU SEE, IF WE DO THAT FROM BOTH SIDES, WE'RE GOING TO GET IT.

BUT AGAIN, WE HAVE A VERY FLAT MOLDING.

WHERE WE GET THE REAL CHALLENGE IS WHEN WE MOVE TO A MOLDING, THAT HAS A LOT OF DEPTH TO IT.

DO YOU SEE THIS ONE HERE?

LOOK HOW WE'VE GOT A LOT OF DEPTH.

THIS POINT IS HIGH.

THIS POINT IS LOW.

SO THERE'S A LOT OF EXTENSION OF THE IRON.

NOW, LET ME SHOW YOU HOW THAT'S SOLVED IN A WOODEN PLANE.

IT'S SOLVED WITH A CONCEPT CALLED SPRING.

ISN'T THAT NICE?

SPRING.

SO IT HAS A TILT TO IT, THIS IS THE PLANE.

AND IF YOU LOOK, THE IRON IS...

IT'S A VERY COMPLEX MOLDING, THIS IS THE ONE THAT CUT THAT ONE THAT'S VERY DEEP, BUT DO YOU SEE HOW THERE'S NOTHING STICKING OUT VERY FAR?

THERE'S NOT, LIKE, A PIECE STICKING OUT VERY FAR.

THAT'S BECAUSE THE PLANE IS USED TILTED OVER LIKE THAT.

YOU TILT IT SO THAT THIS PART IS STICKING DEEPER, AND THAT ALLOWS THE PLANE PROFILE TO BE CUT AT MORE RIGHT ANGLES TO THE LENGTH OF THE TANG THERE.

SO THIS SPRING REQUIRES YOU TO WORK THE PLANE-- LET ME GET IT HERE-- TILTED OVER AT AN ANGLE, EVEN THOUGH YOU PROCEED DOWNWARD WITH A DECENT MOLDING HERE.

SO HERE WE HAVE A VERY NICE MOLDING PLANE.

I'M TILTING IT OVER WITH THE SPRING LINE THAT'S BEEN DARKENED IN WHITE THERE, STANDING VERTICALLY.

AND I CAN HEAR IT.

EVEN THOUGH I'M AGAINST THE GRAIN... LOOK HOW IT WORKS.

THE OTHER THING THIS HAS GOING FOR IT IS THE SPRING-- LOOK HOW THE SHAVINGS ARE JUST COMING OUT THE TOP, THEY'RE FEEDING RIGHT OUT THE TOP, NEVER CHOKING.

EVEN THOUGH I'VE GOT A LITTLE BIT OF GRAIN GOING AGAINST ME, THE SHAVINGS COME RIGHT OUT.

AGAIN, THAT'S BECAUSE OF SPRING.

THE MOUTH OF THE PLANE OR THE THROAT THERE THAT'S EJECTING THE SHAVINGS IS VERTICAL, ABOVE THE...

CUTTING THERE.

THE ONLY THING YOU HAVE TO DO IS REMEMBER TO KEEP, THAT SPRING LINE VERTICAL.

IF THAT SPRING LINE STAYS UP-- THERE WE GO.

ONE CUT OFF.

BUT NEVERTHELESS, YOU GET THESE WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL MOLDINGS THERE, JUST BEAUTIFUL ALL THE WAY DOWN.

AND IF YOU SLIP, OF COURSE, YOU GET A GROOVE RIGHT DOWN THE MIDDLE OF IT, BUT NEVERTHELESS, WE'VE GOT A PRETTY NICMOLDING THERE, CUT WITH THE ONE WITH THE SPRING LINE.

NOW, HERE IS THE 55.

NOW, THE 55-- I'M GONNA TAKE OFF-- IT HAS THIS OTHER ATTRIBUTE HERE.

THE FENCES CAN TURN AT 45 DEGREES TO THEMSELVES THERE.

SO YOU CAN ACTUALLY PUT THIS ON THE CORNER OF A BEAM AND BEAD THE CORNERS OF BEAMS.

SO YOU CAN TURN THESE BOTH AT 45.

IN THIS CASE, WE DON'T NEED THIS OUTER FENCE.

I'LL TAKE THAT OFF BECAUSE I WANT YOU TO SEE THE CUTTER THAT'S IN HERE.

YOU CAN SEE HOW EXTENDED IT IS.

YOU SEE THAT CUTTER HAS-- LET ME TURN IT OVER THIS WAY.

IT'S BETTER.

THAT CUTTER IS EXTENDED GREATLY RIGHT HERE.

YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A WHOLE LONG EXTENSION OF IT ALL THE WAY OUT.

THERE'S NOTHING SUPPORTING IT ON THE BACK BECAUSE THE TWO RUNNERS ARE AT THE SAME LEVEL.

WELL, ON THE 55, THERE'S A LITTLE SCREW ADJUSTMENT RIGHT HERE, AND WE CAN TURN THAT RUNNER DEEPER AND DEEPER INTO THE SPACE THERE.

DO YOU SEE HOW THAT RUNNER IS MOVING UP TO COVER?

THERE YOU GO.

IT'S COMING UP, BEHIND THE CUTTING EDGE OF THE IRON.

WE'LL GET IT JUST BELOW.

AND THIS DETERMINES THE DEPTH OF CUT.

LET ME SIGHT DOWN THE FRONT.

THAT IS THE TRICK RIGHT THERE.

SO WE HAVE THIS LITTLE SCREW RIGHT ON THE TOP THERE THAT ALLOWS US TO ADJUST THE DEPTH OF THE SECOND RUNNER THERE TO SUPPORT THE PLANE.

SO LET'S SEE IF IT'LL WORK.

I'LL GIVE IT THIS SAME BLOCK OF WOOD, OTHER SIDE.

AND I'LL EVEN GIVE IT THE GRAIN ADVANTAGE, BECAUSE IF THE GRAIN WAS GOING AGAINST ME ON THAT SIDE, IT OUGHT TO BE GOING WITH ME ON THIS SIDE.

AND WE'LL GIVE IT A GO, BECAUSE HERE'S WHERE IT WAS SUPPOSED TO WORK.

CAN IT CUT?

SO FAR, SO GOOD.

I'VE GOT A HEAVY CUT, BUT WE'LL GET HER DONE.

CAN IT DO IT?

YES, IT CAN.

ALL RIGHT.

SO IF THE CUTTERS ARE KEPT SHARP, YES, YES, THE 55 CAN DO A DECENT MOLDING JOB ALL THE WAY DOWN.

BUT DOES IT HAVE SOUL?

DOES IT HAVE CHARACTER?

NAH, YOU USE ONE, YOU USE ANOTHER.

THEY'RE ALL ALIKE, AND I GUESS IF YOU'RE DOING PERIOD WORK FROM THE 1920's, THAT WOULD BE THE PLANE TO USE, ONE OF THESE BIG CAST-IRON UNIVERSAL PLANES.

BUT IF YOU'RE WORKING IN TIMES BEFORE THAT, I WOULD WORK WITH A PLANE WITH SOUL.

ALL RIGHT.

THANKS FOR JOINING ME HERE IN "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

SO LONG.

LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING ON OUR WEBSITE.

YOU CAN FIND US ONLINE AT pbs.org.

[UPBEAT OLD-TIME FIDDLE MUSIC] ♪ MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... [WIND BLOWING] [BIRD SQUAWKS] [THUNDER] [CAR ALARM BLARING] WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE, PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S GUIDE: WORKING WOOD WITH WEDGE AND EDGE," AS WELL AS OTHER BOOKS ON TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, ALL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.