AND THE CHARLES A. FRUEAUFF FOUNDATION.

>> BONNIE: THIS WEEK ON TO THE CONTRARY: FIRST, THE METOO MOVEMENT CONTINUES TO SHAKE UP HOLLYWOOD.

BEHIND THE HEADLINES: FOR WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH WE LOOK AT HOW ONE SOUTHERN STATE PUSHED SUFFRAGE OVER THE FINISH LINE.

AND RACIAL TENSIONS AMONG THE SUFFRAGES.

>> BONNIE: HELLO, I'M BONNIE ERBE.

WELCOME TO TO THE CONTRARY, A DISCUSSION OF NEWS AND SOCIAL TRENDS FROM DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES.

UP FIRST, METOO AND THE "CASTING COUCH."

THE #METOO MOVEMENT SCORED ANOTHER HIGH-PROFILE INCIDENT FROM HOLLYWOOD THIS WEEK.

WARNER BROTHERS' CHAIRMAN AND CEO KEVIN TSUJIHARA, WHO IS 54, STEPPED DOWN FOLLOWING CLAIM HE PROMISED ROLES TO A 21-YEAR-OLD BRITISH ACTRESS TO WHOM HE WAS SEXUALLY INVOLVE.

THE ACTRESS, CHARLOTTE KIRK, DENIES THERE WAS INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR.

HOWEVER LEAKED TEXTS REPORTED BY THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER SHOW KIRK WRITING "ARE YOU GOING TO HELP ME LIKE YOU SAID YOU WOULD?"

AND TSUJIHARA RESPONDING, "RICHARD WILL BE REACHING OUT TO YOU TONIGHT."

KIRK HAD SMALL PARTS IN TWO WARNER BROTHERS FILMS: 2016'S HOW TO BE SINGLE AND 2018'S OCEAN'S EIGHT.

SO CONGRESSMAN NORTON, IS THE #METOO KILL THE CASTING COUCH?

>> DEL: BONNIE, IT IS HARD TO GET THE EVIDENCE.

BUT CASTING COUCH PREDATES THE COUCH.

SO I SUSPECT IT WILL TAKE MORE TIME.

[LAUGHTER] >> YOU KNOW, I THINK IT CERTAIN LY IS ROCKING THE COUCH.

THAT HAPPENS TO BE THE TITLE OF A NEW DOCUMENTARY COMING OUT OR THAT HAS COME OUT TALKING ABOUT THE SEXUAL ASSAULT AND PREDATOR Y BEHAVIOR IN HOLLYWOOD YES, THERE IS GOING TO BE A ROCKING OF IT.

>> YOU KNOW IN THIS CASE I DON'T THINK IT IS #METOO.

I THINK IT IS WE TOO AND THE VICTIM IS MOVIE MAKING.

>> IT CERTAINLY SOUNDED THE ALARM AND THAT IS WHAT MATTERS.

OBVIOUSLY WON'T HAPPEN OVER NIGHT BECAUSE IT IS A LONG STEM EK PROBLEM AND THE FACT THAT IT MADE SUCH A RUCKUS THAT IS WHAT MATTERS.

>> BONNIE: WHY ARE PEOPLE SO DUMB?

WHY DO THEY DO THIS AND THINK I'M GOING TO GET WAY WITH IT?

I'M GOING TO BE THE ONE WHOSE MARRIAGE IS NOT DESTROYED WHOSE JOB IS SAVED EVEN THOUGH I'M, YOU KNOW, PLAYING AROUND WITH WOMEN A THIRD MY ANAL.

>> POWER IS INTOXICATING ISN'T IT?

I THINK THAT IS REALLY WHAT IT BOILS DOWN TO.

MEN HAVE ENJOYED POWER IN HOLLYWOOD FOR SUCH A LONG TIME.

THEREFORE, WHEN THEY DO THESE THINGS TO WOMEN WHO ARE SORT OF GREEN, THEY DON'T THINK ABOUT THE REPERCUSSIONS.

>> I DON'T KNOW ABOUT HER BEING SO GREEN IN THIS CASE.

IF YOU READ THE TEXT.

THEY ARE VERY MUCH OPEN ABOUT EXACTLY WHAT THIS RELATIONSHIP WAS ABOUT AND, YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT HE WAS -- IT REMINDS ME SORT OF THIS FRAUD CASE COMING OUT RELATIVE TO THE APPLICATIONS TO COLLEGE.

THAT YOU HAVE GATEKEEPERS IN A SYSTEM.

THEY HAVE BEEN BRIBED BY FAVORS TO BASICALLY CORRUPT THE SYSTEM OF SELECTION.

>> BONNIE: BUT DO YOU THINK IN THIS CASE THE COMPANY MOVED TOO QUICKLY TO -- SENSE IT WAS NOT SEXUAL HARASSMENT, IT WAS SEXUAL INVOLVEMENT.

>> BUT IT'S EVEN WORSE.

BECAUSE WHAT HE'S DONE COULD HAVE UNDERMINED THE BOTTOM LINE WHICH IS WHAT A BUSINESS IS ALL ABOUT.

BY CORRUPTING THE SELECTION OF THE BEST ACTRESS BECAUSE OF FAVORS THAT HAVE BEEN GRANTED.

I THINK HE SHOULD HAVE BEEN FIRED.

>> BONNIE: ELEANOR, YOU WERE GOING TO SAY?

>> ELEANOR: I WAS GOING TO SAY THE NOTION OF THE CASTING COUCH IS ALL ABOUT POWER.

POWER IN THIS INDUSTRY AS IN MOST IS IN THE HANS OF MEN.

SINCE THEY GOT SO MUCH POWER AND SINCE THEY HAVE GOT SOMETHING THAT WOMEN WANT, THEY HAVE SIMPLY TRADED ON IT AND I AGREE WITH YOU.

WOMEN WOMEN ARE NOT INNOCENT VICTIMS HERE.

THEY HAVE GOTTEN INTO THIS POWERFUL INDUSTRY.

I DO THINK THAT BOTH SIDES HAVE TO THINK ABOUT IT.

WHAT DOES A WOMAN DO WHEN THANK YOU TRYING TO GET INTO A VERY COMPETITIVE INDUSTRY.

YOU NEED THE HELP OF OTHER WOMEN WHO NEED THE HELP OF THE #METOO MOVEMENT.

YOU NEED THE KIND OF HELP WE'RE ONLY BEGINNING TO GET.

>> GINA DAVIS HAS BEEN A LEADER IN THIS.

ON THE ADVISORY BOARD -- GEENA DAVIS FOR GENDER INSTITUTE AND MEDIA AND SHE'S TALKED WITH THE PRODUCERS, TALKED WITH ALL THE STUDIOS ABOUT HOW DO WE NURTURE WOMEN AND HOW DO WE GIVE THEM A PATH TO POWER, YOU KNOW, AND HOW DO WE DEVELOP THESE WOMEN IN A WAY THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE CASTING COUCH.

>> YEAH.

WITH REGARDS TO THE COLLEGE ADMISSION'S FRAUD THAT IS JUST SPOT ON.

BOTH SYSTEMS SORT OF IMPLICATED THIS CULTURE OF LOOKING AWAY AND CORRUPTION AND IT JUST BREEDS, YOU KNOW, AND SO IN THIS SPECIFIC CASE YOU OBVIOUSLY HAVE A WOMAN WHO IS COMPLICIT IN HER OWN MANIPULATION BECAUSE SHE WAS VERY AWARE THIS IS TIT-FOR-TAT BUT IT AFFECT EVERY OTHER WOMAN THAT DOESN'T WANT TO SLEEP HER WAY TO THE TOP.

SOY IT JUST BECOMES THESE MEN FEEL LIKE THEY CAN GET WAY WITH IT BECAUSE (A) YOU HAVE SOME WOMEN WHO ARE COMPLICIT AND (B) HISTORICALLY VERY FEW REPERCUSSION.

THAT IS WHAT WE SAW IN THE COLLEGE CASE.

THESE PEOPLE DON'T FLIP OVER NIGHT.

THEY REALIZE IT IS JUST A SYSTEM WITH NO ACCOUNTABILITY AND THEY CAN DO WHATEVER THEY WANT.

>> BONNIE: HASN'T TECHNOLOGY CHANGED A LOT OF THAT?

YOU WOULD THINK THAT PEOPLE WOULD KNOW NOT TO SEND TEXT MESSAGES OR E-MAILS ABOUT TOPICS.

MY TEST IS IF YOU DON'T WANT TO SEE IT ON THE FRONT HEADLINES OF ALL THE NEWS SHOWS, YOU KNOW , ON THE FRONT PAGE IN THE NEW YORK TIMES AND THE "WASHINGTON POST," DON'T TEXT IT, OKAY.

>> RIGHT.

>> BONNIE: SO I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHY OTHER PEOPLE HAVEN'T GOTTEN THIS.

>> TO ME IT TRACKS WITH THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THIS IDEA OF PRIVACY.

SO PEOPLE HAVE SORT OF 2011 WAY ALL THIS INFORMATION THAT WE USED TO CONSIDER PRIVATE INFORMATION AND THEY KIND OF LOST THE SENSE OF WHAT THEY NEED TO KEEP TO THEMSELVES.

IN A BUBBLE, RIGHT?

HOLLYWOOD IS A BUBBLE THOSE AT THE TOP WHO MAKE THOSE DISCUSSIONS IN PRODUCTION HOUSES OR WHEREVER, YOU KNOW, THEY FEEL LIKE NOBODY CAN TOUCH THEM.

THE #METOO MOVEMENT IT WAS NOT A SIDE SHIFT -- >> I DON'T KNOW IF I BUY THAT COMPLETELY RENA.

ALL THOSE HIGHLY COMPETITIVE INDUSTRIES I WOULD THINK MOST SMART CEOS AND PRODUCERS WOULD THINK TO THEMSELVES, EVERYBODY IS NIPPING AT MY HEELS TRYING TO GET MY JOB.

UNLESS I AM PERFECT IN EVERY WAY, IF I -- IF I MESS UP IN ANY WAY, I'M ASKING FOR MYSELF TO TRIP AND FALL.

>> I AGREE WITH THAT BECAUSE -- I THINK MOST COUCH CASTING WITH ALL THE -- IT REALLY IS NOT ON LINE AND REALLY ISN'T IN TEXT.

I THINK IT IS THE MOST PRIVATE OF SEX SINS.

YOU USE YOUR POWER.

THE WOMAN WANTS WHAT YOU WANT.

WHAT IS SHE GOING TO DO?

GO OUT AND TEST IT?

GO OUT AND TELL ABOUT IT AS THE FORMER CHAIR OF THE EEOC, THE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT COMMISSION I CAN TELL YOU SHE CAN GO OUT AND FILE A COMPLAINT BUT THEN IT IS HE SAID, SHE SAID.

>> AND ALSO THESE HOLLYWOOD PRODUCERS, YOU KNOW, I'M FROM L.A., THEY'RE SURROUNDED BY YES MEN.

EVERYONE IN THE INDUSTRY WHO IS JUST TRYING TO GET TO THE TOP FROM USC WHERE I WENT, ALL MY FRIENDS IN PR, WHERE DID THEY GO?

THEY WENT TO CAA AND ALL OF THESE AGENCIES THAT BASICALLY SUPPLY THESE WOMEN, HARVEY WEINSTEIN ON DEMAND.

THEY DID NOT KNOW WHAT THEY WERE GETTING THEMSELVES INTO.

TO GET TO THE TOP, YOU HAVE TO KEEP STROKING EVERYONE'S EGOS AND BOWING A YES, SIR MAN.

AFTER A CERTAIN POINT THEY FORGET.

IF YOU'RE GOING TO DO ELICIT THINGS MAYBE DON'T DOCUMENT IT.

EVERYONE AROUND YOU GIVES A REACTION.

>> BONNIE: THE CEOS OF ALL THE STUDIOS AND THE WOMEN, ACTRESS ES WHO HAVE ACHIEVED BIG NAMES STATUS HAVE ALL DONE THAT >> NO.

I WOULDN'T -- >> BONNIE: AND IF NOT HOW DID THEY GET IT THROUGH WITHOUT GETTING INVOLVED WITH SOME -- WITH SOME RABBI AS THEY CALL THEM, YOU KNOW, A MENTOR?

>> I MEAN, I WOULDN'T CERTAINLY SAY EVERY SINGLE PERSON IN HOLLYWOOD WAS ENGAGED IN THIS SORT OF CONDUCT.

IF WE LOOK AT JUST HARVEY WEINSTEIN, WE'RE ROUNDING UP CLOSE TO 100 WOMEN.

THESE ARE SOME OF THE BIGGEST CELEBRITIES IN THE BUSINESS.

NOT JUST SIDESHOW ACTORS.

BUT THESE ARE ACTUAL STARS, THERE IS UMMA THURMAN AND OTHERS AND THAT SHOWS YOU THE SCOPE OF THE MAGNITUDE.

DO YOU THINK HARVEY IS ONLY ONE OUT THERE?

I'M JUST WAITING.

>> DO WE THINK THIS WILL EVER END?

I THINK -- >> I THINK THE TRANSPARENCY HELPS THE FACT THAT TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS US TRANSPARENCY.

WHAT WAS SO SHOCKING TO ME ABOUT THE HARVEY WEINSTEIN INCIDENTS, THERE WERE THESE ACTRESSES YOU THOUGHT BY NOW WOULD HAVE INCREDIBLE POWER AND INFLUENCE AND THAT CLEARLY THEY DIDN'T FEEL THAT THEY HAD POWER AND INFLUENCE.

THEY STILL FELT THAT THEY WOULD BE IN TROUBLE IF THEY CAME FORTH.

AND WHAT IT TOOK FOR THEM TO COME FORTH, YOU KNOW, WAS REAL LY TELLING ABOUT HOW STRONG THIS CULTURE IS.

I DO THINK IT IS GOING TO CHANGE.

I MEAN HARVEY WEINSTEIN WAS BROUGHT DOWN.

AND, YOU KNOW -- >> POSTER BOARD BOY >> BONNIE: FROM A MAJOR STUDIO THAT IS NOT A BAD CATCH EITHER IN TERMS OF -- >> AFTER A WHILE SUCH MEN WILL WONDER ABOUT TAKING THE RISK.

ONCE WOMEN ARE AVAILABLE TO THEM TO TAKE THAT RISK WILL NOT BE WORTH IT IF WOMEN CONTINUE TO SPEAK OUT.

I'M AFRAID THE BURDEN IS ON US.

ON WOMEN.

OTHERWISE THESE -- THIS KIND OF HARASSMENT IS NOT IN PRIVATE AND CAN'T GET OUT ANY OTHER WAY >> BONNIE: YOU KNOW, I THINK ABOUT ALL THE CRIMES THAT USED TO BE SO MUCH MORE -- SO MUCH MORE EASILY COMMITTED AND NOT -- AND NOBODY WAS FOUND.

NOBODY WAS GUILTY.

I JUST HEARD SOMETHING ABOUT A CRIME THAT WAS NEVER SOLVED, A MURDER THAT WAS NEVER SOLVED DOWN SOUTH SOMEWHERE IN THE 60 s. WELL, NOW, I MEAN, IF YOU SHOOT SOMEBODY IN A 711, THEIR CAMERA S ALL OVER THE PLACE.

WHILE YOU'RE DRIVING YOUR CAR DOWN THE HIGHWAY, THERE ARE CAMERAS ALL OVER THE PLACE.

THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS YOU USED TO BE ABLE TO GET WAY WITH BECAUSE THE LACK OF -- YOU KNOW , BECAUSE THE ANONYMITY OF NO TECHNOLOGY.

NOW WITH TECHNOLOGY, THAT IS ALL CHANGE.

>> EVEN WITH TECHNOLOGY LET'S THINK OF THE SCORES OF WOMEN THAT DON'T REPORT THEIR #METOO MOMENT.

I HAVE #METOO MOMENT.

I HAVE AT LEAST TWO OF THEM.

I WILL NEVER SPEAK ABOUT THEM.

I DON'T WANT TO BE DEFINED BY THEM.

THERE ARE WOMEN LIKE ME.

BECAUSE THE MINUTE WE TALK ABOUT IT IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE AND NAME THE PERSON, YOU'RE CONTINUOUSLY THAT PERSON WHO THIS HAPPENED TO.

>> MOST #METOO MOMENTS DON'T CHECK ON-LINE ANY WAY.

I CAN'T STRESS ENOUGH ABOUT THE PRIVACY THAT ENABLES MEN TO BE ABLE TO DO THIS.

>> BONNIE: SOME MEN, ANDREW CU OMO, NEVER HAS A MEETING WITH A WOMAN WITHOUT SOMEBODY ELSE IN THE ROOM.

WELL, YEAH.

I GUESS -- WELL, THAT IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT.

IT IS FOR VERY DIFFERENT REASONS.

HE'S DOING IT BECAUSE SHE WANTS WANT TO BE ALONE WITH ANY WOMAN WHO COULD COME OUT AND ACCUSE HIM OF ANYTHING.

>> WE'RE IN IN A MESSY MOMENT.

I THINK WE'LL READ MORE OF THAT #WHYIDIDN'TREPORT AND PEOPLE PEOPLE WILL UNDERSTAND AND I THINK ON BOTH SIDES IT HAS BECOME AN ISSUE OF PRIVACY WE'RE SO EXPOSED IN SOCIETY AND WE BECOME DEFINED BY SOMETHING AS PEOPLE IN OUR PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL LIVES BECAUSE SOMETHING OF WE HAVE DONE IN ONE OR THE OTHER.

JUST AN UNUSUAL MOMENT AND I THINK THE FUTURE GENERATION WE'LL FIGURE OUT HOW TO DO TO DEAL WITH THIS BETTER THAN MY GENERATION.

>> YOU KNOW WHAT IS SO SAD I GUESS IT WAS 1982 I HAD A JOB.

I HAD A BOSS AND HE LITERALLY, YOU KNOW, WOULD LIKE GET WAY TOO CLOSE AND INVADE MY PERSONAL SPACE AND GO AROUND A COUCH.

AND I REMEMBER THINKING AT THE TIME OH MY GOD, THE COUCH.

AND HE SAID TO ME, YOU KNOW, I KNOW WHAT YOU'RE THINKING.

THREE OTHER WOMEN HAVE TRIED CASES AGAINST ME AND ALL LOST.

>> WOW.

>> AND, YOU KNOW, HE BASICALLY SAID WHAT I WAS THINKING.

THIS IS MY FIRST JOB.

I CANNOT DO ANYTHING ABOUT THIS BECAUSE THAT WILL DEFINE ME.

>> YOU COULDN'T DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT.

>> YOU COULDN'T.

IT WAS BEFORE ANITA HILL AND THEN ANITA HILL HAPPENED AND I THINK THINGS GOT A LITTLE EASIER IN THE WORKPLACE BECAUSE OF THAT BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE THINKING OH, PEOPLE COULD TALK.

BUT CLEARLY IT IS DECADES LATER >> IT IS SO -- ONCE YOU TALK ABOUT THE LEAVABILITY.

LOOK WHAT HAPPENED WITH CHRISTINE FORD, DR. CHRISTINE FORD AT THE KAVANAUGH HEARING.

IT JUST BOILS DOWN TO THAT.

>> BONNIE: AGAIN THAT IS TECHNOLOGY SITUATION TODAY THERE ARE ONLINE VIDEOS, SORRY TO SAY.

ANYWAY, LET US KNOW WHAT YOU THINK, PLEASE.

PLEASE FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER @BONNIEERBE.

BEHIND THE HEADLINES: WE CELEBRATE WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH.

THE U.S. IS ABOUT TO KICK OFF A YEAR OF EVENTS MARKING THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE.

AS THE DISCUSSIONS,DOBATES AND FESTIVITIES GET UNDER WAY, MANY AMERICANS WERE SEEING THAT WOMEN WERE NOT JUST GIVEN THE VOTE.

WE WILL HEAR UNTOLD STORIES ABOUT UNLIKELY HEROINS AN BALLOTS.

HERE IS ONE OF THOSE STORIES THAT TAKES PLACE IN 1920.

>> ELANIE: IT A VERY -- A TIME OF URGENCY BECAUSE THE SUFFRAGES HAVE BEEN WORKING FOR 72 YEARS BY THIS TIME.

THREE GENERATIONS OF SUFFRAGE WOMEN HAVE BEEN WORKING FOR THIS.

AND THEY'RE ON AGAIN THE CUSP OF VICTORY.

>> BONNIE: ELAINE WEISS TELLS THE STORY OF THE FINAL BATTLE OF SUFFRAGE IN HER BOOK, THE WOMEN'S HOUR.

>> ELAINE: THE 19TH AMENDMENT, WHICH WAS ALSO CALLED THE SUSAN B. ANTHONY AMENDMENT, HAD BEEN STUCK IN CONGRESS FOR 40 YEARS.

FINALLY GETS PASSED BY BOTH HOUSES IN 1919.

JUNE OF 1919.

AND IT IS SENT OUT TO THE STATES.

AND 36 STATES HAVE TO WRITE ABOUT IT, THREE QUARTERS OF THE 48 STATES IN THE UNION.

AND BY THE SUMMER OF 1920, 35 HAVE RATIFIED AND JUST ONE MORE NEED -- IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE 19TH AMENDMENT WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE PART OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION.

>> BONNIE: AFTER A STRING OF LOSSES IN SOUTHERN AND BORDER STATES, INCLUDING MARYLAND AND DELAWARE, ONLY A FEW STATES ARE LEFT AND THE BEST YET UNLIKELY CHANCE IS TENNESSEE, A SOUTHERN STATE.

>> ELAINE: THE GOVERNOR DOESN'T WANT IT.

THE LEGISLATURE DOESN'T WANT.

THE SUFFRAGE DOESN'T WANT IT BECAUSE BY NOW MOST OF THE SOUTHERN STATES HAVE REJECTED THE AMENDMENT BECAUSE THEY DON'T WANT BLACK WOMEN TO VOTE.

AND, SO, IT REALLY COMES DOWN TO TENNESSEE AS THE LAST BEST HOPE.

>> BONNIE: SO IN THE SUMMER OF 1920, THE FOCUS WAS ON TENNESSEE.

>> ELAINE: THEY KNEW IT WAS GOING TO BE VERY DIFFICULT.

SO CARRIE CATT COMES DOWN FROM HEADQUARTERS AND THE NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY, THE OTHER PART OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, THE MORE RADICAL WING OF THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT AND ALL THE ANTI-SUFFRAGES COME DOWN AND THEY ALL MEET IN NASHVILLE TO DUKE THIS OUT.

>> BONNIE: AT THE TIME THE U.S. WAS A PATCHWORK OF WOMEN'S VOTING RIGHTS.

BUT THE 19TH AMENDMENT WOULD GIVE ALL WOMEN, WHITE AND BLACK, THE VOTE IN ALL ELECTIONS.

>> ELAINE: IN TENNESSEE, THE WOMEN HAD JUST BEEN GIVEN LIMITED SUFFRAGE.

IT MEANS THEY COULD VOTE FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS, PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES.

THEY COULD VOTE FOR THEIR MAYORS SO THEY HAD MUNICIPAL AND PRESIDENTIAL SUFFRAGE.

BUT THEY COULDN'T VOTE FOR THEIR GOVERNOR, FOR THEIR SENATORS, FOR THEIR CONGRESSMEN, FOR THEIR STATE LEGISLATURES.

>> BONNIE: SO MEN WOULD MAKE THE DECISION ON WHETHER WOMEN WOULD GET TO VOTE.

THERE WAS A LOT OF OPPOSITION.

THE MOMENTUM WAS ON THE SIDE OF THE ANTE-SUFFRAGE FACTIONS.

>> ELAINE: WE DON'T THINK ABOUT IT AS BEING AFFECTIVE, BEING IMPACTED BY ALL THE KIND OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF THE DAY.

BUT IT REALLY, REALLY WAS.

SO THAT YOU HAVE THE SUFFRAGES, OF COURSE, YOU HAVE THE MAINSTREAM THEN YOU HAVE THE MORE RADICAL STREAM.

ALICE PAUL IS THE LEADER OF THAT.

NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY.

THIS IS THE YOUNGER FOR THE MOST PART NOT COMPLETELY BUT THE YOUNGER GENERATION SAYING, WE'RE TIRED OF WAITING.

WE'VE BEEN THREE GENERATIONS.

EVERYBODY HAS BEEN PROMISING US THE VOTE.

WE'RE GOING TO GO SEIZE IT AND WE'RE GOING TO BREAK THE RULES.

WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE POLITE.

WE'RE GOING TO PICKET THE WHITE HOUSE.

WE'RE GOING TO GET ARRESTED.

WE'RE GOING TO PERFORM CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE.

WE'RE NOT ASKING ANY MORE.

WE'RE DEMANDING.

THERE WERE ORGANIZED WOMEN'S ANTI-SUFFRAGE ORGANIZATIONS AND THEY FEARED THAT SUFFRAGE WAS GOING TO CHANGE AMERICAN SOCIETY.

IT WAS GOING TO THREATEN THE HOME BECAUSE WOMEN WERE GOING TO BE OUT IN THE -- IN PUBLIC, HAVE A PUBLIC ROLE.

THEY WERE GOING TO ABANDON THEIR CHILDREN AND THESE AMAZING ANTI-SUFFRAGE PROPAGANDA DRAWINGS OF WOMEN WALKING OUT THE DOOR WITH DADDY HOLDING SCREAMING CHILDREN AND THIS IS WHAT ELECTION DAY IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE IN YOUR HOUSE.

>> BONNIE: AND CORPORATE INTEREST THOUGHT WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE WOULD BE BAD FOR BUSINESS.

>> ELAINE: THEY FEARED THAT IF MOTHERS AND WOMEN COULD VOTE THEY WOULD WANT TO ABOLISH CHILD LABOR.

AND THESE MANUFACTURERS, TEXTILE MANUFACTURERS MOSTLY, RELY ON CHILD LABOR BECAUSE IT'S CHEAP AND THEY RELY ON CHEAP SWEAT LABOR.

OF WOMEN.

AND THEY DON'T WANT ANY REGULATIONS THAT ARE GOING TO IN IMPINGE ON THAT -- ON THEIR ABILITY TO DO THAT.

AND THAT MAKES IT SO THEY ARE ORGANIZING AND, YOU KNOW, PAYING WOMEN TO GO PROTEST.

27 MILLION WOMEN WOULD BE ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IF THE 19TH AMENDMENT IS RATIFIED AND NO ONE KNEW HOW THEY WERE GOING TO VOTE.

>> BONNIE: IT WAS HAPPENING AT THE SAME TIME AS A CONTROVERSIAL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, POST WORLD WAR I, WHEN THE COUNTRY WAS TRYING TO DECIDE ITS ROLE IN THE WORLD.

POLITICAL CROSS-CURRENTS PUSHED AMERICANS INTO A MORE ISOLATIONIST ANTE-IMMIGRANT POSITION.

SO THE SITUATION IN TENNESSEE WAS TENSE.

>> ELAINE: SO THERE ARE SCREAMING MATCHES IN THE LOBBY OF THE HOTEL WHERE EVERYONE IS STAYING, THE HERMITAGE HOTEL.

THERE IS -- THEY'RE MORE CONFRONTATIONAL.

SORT OF A CROSS BETWEEN A -- A POLITICAL MEETING AND A CIRCUS.

SO YOU HAVE FIST FIGHTS.

YOU HAVE SCREAMING MATCHES.

THERE'S REPORTS OF KIDNAPPING -- KIDNAPPING THE LEGISLATORS SO THAT THEY CAN'T VOTE.

OF COURSE THEY'RE BEING APPLIED WITH LIQUOR SO A LOT OF THEM ARE DRUNK.

THERE ARE SCENES WHERE THEY HAVE TO BE THROWN INTO A SHOWER TO SOBER UP.

THE SUFFRAGES GO OUT, THE SUFFRAGES PATROL THE RAILROAD STATION SO THAT THE LEGISLATORS CAN'T SLIP WAY AND GO HOME.

AND SKIP THE VOTE.

>> BONNIE: SUFFRAGES HAD PLEDGES FROM LEGISLATORS TO VOTE FOR THE AMENDMENT SAW THEIR SUPPORT ERODING AS BRIBES , THREATS OF VIOLENCE AND UGLY RHETORIC INCREASED DAYS BEFORE THE VOTE.

>> ELAINE: ONE OF THE FLOOR LEADERS FOR THE SUFFRAGES IS THREATENED AND THE GOVERNOR HAS TO ASSIGN A STATE TROOPER TO GUARD HIM.

IT GETS VERY UGLY.

THERE'S THE ANTI-SUFFRAGES USE RACE AS A WEAPON.

AND THEY THREATEN THAT THERE IS GOING TO BE -- THEY CALL IT NEG RO DOMINATION IF PLAQUE WOMEN ARE ALLOW -- IF BLACK WOMEN ARE ALLOWED TO VOTE.

THEY FLY THE CONFEDERATE FLAG.

THEY USE A YET RAT BALLOTS FLAG AGAIN, THIS BECOMES, YOU KNOW, ANOTHER BALLOTS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

>> BONNIE: THERE WERE MANY DRAMATIC TWISTS AND TURNS BUT ONE VOTE THAT MADE THE DIFFERENCE IN THE END.

>> ELAINE: THAT VOTE IS CAST BY THE YOUNGEST MEMBER OF THE TENNESSEE LEGISLATURE, 24 -YEAR-OLD MAN FROM EAST TENNESSEE WHO GETS A LETTER FROM HIS MOTHER.

AND CHANGES HIS MIND.

BUT SO MUCH HAPPENS BEFORE AND AFTER THAT AFFECTS THAT AND PUTS IT INTO CONTEXT.

AND EVEN THEN IT IS STILL NOT OVER.

THE ANTI-SUFFRAGE ATTACK IT IN COURT AND IN FACT BRING SUIT THAT GOES TO THE SUPREME COURT AND IT IS NOT DECIDED UNTIL 1922.

>> BONNIE: SO, MEGAN, ARE WE SURPRISED AND HOW IMPORTANT WAS IT THAT IT WAS A SOUTHERN STATE THAT GAVE WOMEN THE VOTE?

>> MEGAN: WELL, I THINK IT'S GOOD THAT IT WAS A SOUTHERN STATE AND, YOU KNOW, THESE RIGHTS OF BASIC EQUALITY HAVE DOGGED US SINCE THE BEGINNING OF OUR COUNTRY.

THERE IS A WONDERFUL BOOK BY JILL LAPORE CALLED THESE TRUTHS AND WOMEN, GENDER AND RAISES, HAVE REALLY BEEN INTRINSICALLY TIED TOGETHER SINCE THE VERY FOUNDING OF OUR NATION.

AND IT'S NOT -- IN SO MANY WAYS , I THINK I MENTIONED ON A PREVIOUS SHOW THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL NEARLY DIDN'T PASS AND A POISON PILL WAS PUT IN IT THAT WOMEN WOULD ALSO HAVE THESE RIGHTS.

THEY WERE THINKING THAT WOULD KILL THE BILL AND IT DIDN'T KILL THE BILL.

I MEAN SO IT'S THE PROMISE OF OF EQUALITY DENIED ANDIT ADDRESSED WITH ALL OF THESE FEMINIST MOVEMENTS: >> AND I THINK THAT WE'LL OBVIOUSLY NEVER FULLY ATONE FOR OUR NATION'S SIN BUT THE FACT IT WAS A SOUTHERN STATE TO PUSH IT OVER THE END.

IT IS A PART OF THAT HEAL PROCESS.

>> BONNIE: DO YOU THINK THEY REALLY MEANT IT THAT WAY?

WE KNOW, FRAMER, THAT THE -- FOR EXAMPLE, THE WESTERN STATES GAVE US THE FIRST FEMALE MEMBER OF THE HOUSE WAS FROM WYOMING OR MONTANA AND THEY GAVE WOMEN THE VOTE WAY QUICKER THAN THE EASTERN STATES.

BUT TENNESSEE?

IT'S ALSO WHERE THE KU KLUX CLAN WAS FOUNDED.

>> I'M NOT SAYING THAT IT UN DOES ANYTHING BUT I THINK IT IS SIGNIFICANT IN A SENSE THAT IT WASN'T, YOU KNOW, IT IS A PART -- ATONEMENT IS A PROCESS.

IT INVOLVES MULTIPLE STEPS.

WE'RE STILL DEBATING REPRESENT RATION AND WE HAVE NOT FIXED OR SOLVED AND THERE IS SO MUCH TO RECKON WITH WHEN IT COMES TO MAKING UP FOR THE FACT THAT WHILE WE HAVE BEEN FOUNDED ON THE GREATEST IDEALS KNOWN TO MAN, WE HAVE NOT LIVED UP TO THEM.

WE HAVE BARELY LIVED UP TO THEM WE'RE LUCKY IN MY LIFETIME WE LITERALLY LIVED UP TO THEM.

JIM CROLOX WERE STILL AROUND IN RECENT -- RECENTLY AT THAT TIME >> I THINK TENNESSEE IS ALMOST HAPPENSTANCE BECAUSE IT WAS NOT THE ONLY SOUTHERN STATE THAT RATIFIED THE AMENDMENT.

I THINK IT WAS THE BUILD UP TO THE LAST CLEAR CHANCE.

IT WAS PRETTY CLEAR THAT YOU NEEDED ONE MORE VOTE.

EVEN THE GOVERNOR WHO CAPE OUT FOR IT AND LOST HIS SEAT AS A RESULT UNDERSTOOD THAT A LOT WAS RESTING ON TENNESSEE'S SHOULDERS.

AND THE WOMEN, YOU KNOW, HERE IS A VERY DIFFERENT KIND OF BALLOTS.

IT IS ONE-HALF OF THE POPULATION AGAINST THE OTHER HALF OF THE POPULATION AND AT SOME POINT WHEN YOU GET THAT CLOSE, THAT STATE KNEW THAT THE FINGER OF HISTORY WAS GOING TO BE POINTED AT IT IF HE DIDN'T BRING IT OVER.

>> JUST WATCHING ELAINE WEISS AND HEARING HER I THINK WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY.

>> BONNIE: BUT ELEANOR, WHAT ABOUT THE FACT THAT THE WHITE WOMEN SOLD OUT THE BLACK WOMEN?

>> ELEANOR: EASILY, YES.

THIS IS HAPPENING IN THE CONTEXT.

WE'RE TALKING 1920.

WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE SEGREGATION BEING IN GENERALITY AMERICA HAVING STATE OF KANSAS TO ITS EXISTENCE AFTER THE CIVIL WAR.

NOT ALL WOMEN I GIVE CREDIT FOR ALICE PAUL AND EQUALITY AND NOT ALL THE AMERICAN WOMEN WERE FOR THAT.

THAT BECAME A MAJOR INGREDIENT.

>> BONNIE: 10 SECONDS.

>> THE ERA, WE HAVE TO PASS THE ERA.

THIS WHOLE STORY TELLS YOU WHAT IT IS ALL ABOUT.

WE THINK BECAUSE 100 YEARED YEARS AGO WE GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE WE'RE SO WONDER FUL.

WE'RE 51 ON THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM RANKING OF NATIONS BY GENDER.

A COUNTRY SWITZERLAND GOT THE VOTE IN 1972.

THEY'RE IN THE TOP 20.

WE'RE NOT DOING WELL.

OUR CULTURE IS BROKEN.

>> BONNIE: GREAT SHAPE WHEN LOSING GROUND ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS THAT'S IT FOR THIS EDITION.

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